A major neurocognitive disorder (MNCD) is a medical condition characterized by a significant decline in cognitive abilities that interferes with a person’s ability to live independently. It is commonly referred to as dementia, although dementia is technically a subtype of MNCD.
Key Features:
- Significant cognitive decline: This includes memory loss, trouble with language, poor judgment, or difficulty focusing.
- Functional impairment: The decline must interfere with daily life activities like managing finances, cooking, dressing, or driving.
- Progressive: In many cases, the condition gradually worsens over time.
- Not due to delirium or other psychiatric disorders: The symptoms must be the result of a physical or neurological condition.
Common Causes of Major Neurocognitive Disorder:
- Alzheimer’s disease – the most common cause, accounting for 60–80% of cases.
- Vascular dementia – caused by reduced blood flow to the brain, often after a stroke.
- Lewy body dementia – involves abnormal protein deposits in the brain.
- Frontotemporal dementia – affects the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain, often leading to personality and behavior changes.
- Traumatic brain injury – long-term effects from serious head injuries.
- HIV, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and substance abuse may also cause MNCD.
Symptoms May Include:
- Memory loss that disrupts daily life
- Confusion about time or place
- Difficulty speaking, reading, or writing
- Poor judgment or decision-making
- Personality or mood changes
- Difficulty recognizing familiar people or tasks
Diagnosis:
Diagnosis is made by healthcare professionals through:
- Clinical interviews and cognitive tests
- Neuroimaging (e.g., MRI, CT scans)
- Blood tests to rule out other causes
- Psychiatric evaluation when necessary
Early diagnosis is important for planning, treatment, and improving quality of life.
Treatment:
There is no cure for most types of major neurocognitive disorders, but treatment can help manage symptoms:
- Medications may temporarily improve memory or slow progression.
- Therapies (occupational, speech, or cognitive therapy)
- Supportive care from caregivers and mental health professionals
- Lifestyle changes such as routine, healthy diet, and physical activity
In Summary:
A major neurocognitive disorder is a serious condition involving cognitive decline that affects daily functioning. It is commonly linked with dementia-related diseases and requires medical evaluation for proper management.